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Asian Journal of Urology, 2023, 10(4): 518-525    doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2021.12.010
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A national survey of lower urinary tract symptoms in Jordan
Fadi Sawaqeda*(),Ibrahim Kharboushbc,Mohammed Suouba,Ismail Albadawid,Mohmmad Alhawatmehd,Abdallah Muradd
aSection of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mu'tah University, Karak, Jordan
bDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine Mu'tah University, Karak, Jordan
cHigh Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Egypt
dFaculty of Medicine, Mu'tah University, Karak, Jordan
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Abstract: 

Objective: To determine the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and their severity population in Jordan.

Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted using a paper-based survey between August and September in 2019. The study was carried out in the health care centers or hospitals in three different regions of Jordan: North (Irbid and Jarash), Middle (Amman, Madaba, Salt, and Zarqa), and South (Karak and Aqaba).

Results: To estimate the prevalence of LUTS, two definitions were used, including the first definition (presence of any LUTS regardless of the degree of severity) and the second definition (presence of any LUTS that occurs half the time or more). According to the first definition, 1038 (89.9%) reported LUTS (male: 47.3%, female: 52.7%), while 763 (66.1%) reported LUTS according to the second definition (male: 45.6%, female: 54.4%). According to the International Prostate Symptom Score characterization, 73.9% had nocturia and 62.9% reported daytime increased frequency.

Conclusion: LUTS are highly prevalent among the Jordanian population, and more than half of them have nocturia or daytime increased frequency as most frequently reported symptoms.

Key words:  Lower urinary tract symptom    Voiding    Urgency    Nocturia    Incontinence
收稿日期:  2021-03-26      修回日期:  2021-08-21      接受日期:  2021-12-28      出版日期:  2023-10-20      发布日期:  2023-11-13      整期出版日期:  2023-10-20
引用本文:    
. [J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2023, 10(4): 518-525.
Fadi Sawaqed, Ibrahim Kharboush, Mohammed Suoub, Ismail Albadawi, Mohmmad Alhawatmeh, Abdallah Murad. A national survey of lower urinary tract symptoms in Jordan. Asian Journal of Urology, 2023, 10(4): 518-525.
链接本文:  
http://www.ajurology.com/CN/10.1016/j.ajur.2021.12.010  或          http://www.ajurology.com/CN/Y2023/V10/I4/518
Variable Result
Agea, year 38.09±14.84
Body mass indexa, kg/m2 26.46±5.36
Number of pregnancya,b 2.33±2.81
Number of normal vaginal deliverya,b 1.95±2.72
Number of cesarean sectiona,b 0.39±1.07
Caffeine cups per daya 2.59±0.85
Regionc
Middle 393 (34.0)
North 381 (33.0)
South 381 (33.0)
Agec, year
18-20 105 (9.1)
21-30 362 (31.3)
31-40 218 (18.9)
41-50 220 (19.0)
51-60 162 (14.0)
61-65 88 (7.6)
Genderc
Female 601 (52.0)
Male 554 (48.0)
Marital statusc
Single 431 (37.3)
Married 669 (57.9)
Widow 34 (2.9)
Divorce 21 (1.8)
Smokingc
No 827 (71.6)
Yes 328 (28.4)
Daily fluid intakec, mL
<500 178 (15.4)
500-1000 439 (38.0)
1000-2000 349 (30.2)
2000-3000 125 (10.8)
≥3000 64 (5.5)
Position during voidingc
Sitting 972 (84.2)
Standing 183 (15.8)
Toilet at your workc
No 72 (6.2)
Yes 1083 (93.8)
Need to hold urinec
No 596 (51.6)
Yes 559 (48.4)
  
Gender Incomplete emptying Daytime frequency Intermittency Urgency Weak stream Straining Nocturia
Non-symptomatic Symptomatic Non-symptomatic Symptomatic Non-symptomatic Symptomatic Non-symptomatic Symptomatic Non-symptomatic Symptomatic Non-symptomatic Symptomatic Non-symptomatic Symptomatic
Female 57.0 42.9 33.1 66.8 60.0 39.9 54.0 45.9 64.0 35.9 67.5 32.4 24.1 75.8
Male 62.6 37.3 41.3 58.6 63.3 36.6 58.4 41.5 70.0 29.9 69.8 30.1 28.1 71.8
Total 59.7 40.2 37.0 62.9 61.6 38.4 56.1 43.8 66.9 33.1 68.6 31.3 26.0 73.9
  
Characteristic Age group, year
18-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-65
Incomplete emptying
Male 25 (47.2) 47 (31.1) 45 (42.9) 38 (35.2) 27 (32.1) 25 (47.2)
Female 20 (38.5) 90 (42.7) 51 (45.1) 49 (43.8) 36 (46.2) 12 (34.3)
Frequency
Male 32 (60.4) 77 (51.0) 65 (61.9) 62 (57.4) 54 (64.3) 35 (66.0)
Female 28 (53.8) 144 (68.2) 74 (65.5) 76 (67.9) 59 (75.6) 21 (60.0)
Urgency
Male 29 (54.7) 53 (35.1) 44 (41.9) 46 (42.6) 31 (36.9) 27 (50.9)
Female 26 (50.0) 89 (42.2) 52 (46.0) 57 (50.9) 40 (51.3) 12 (34.3)
Intermittency
Male 21 (39.6) 49 (32.5) 36 (34.3) 39 (36.1) 34 (40.5) 24 (45.3)
Female 17 (32.7) 76 (36.0) 56 (49.6) 40 (35.7) 37 (47.4) 14 (40.0)
Weak stream
Male 19 (35.8) 42 (27.8) 32 (30.5) 31 (28.7) 23 (27.4) 19 (35.8)
Female 15 (28.8) 56 (26.5) 50 (44.2) 47 (42.0) 38 (48.7) 10 (28.6)
Straining
Male 23 (43.4) 39 (25.8) 32 (30.5) 32 (29.6) 22 (26.2) 19 (35.8)
Female 13 (25.0) 59 (28.0) 42 (37.2) 42 (37.5) 30 (38.5) 9 (25.7)
Nocturia
Male 41 (77.4) 105 (69.5) 77 (73.3) 74 (68.5) 58 (69.0) 43 (81.1)
Female 36 (69.2) 161 (76.3) 85 (75.2) 88 (78.6) 59 (75.6) 27 (77.1)
  
Characteristic Value, n (%) p-Value
Incomplete emptying 0.034
Female 258 (42.9)
Male 207 (37.4)
Frequency 0.001
Female 402 (66.9)
Male 325 (58.7)
Intermittency >0.05
Female 240 (39.9)
Male 203 (36.6)
Urgency >0.05
Female 276 (45.9)
Male 230 (41.5)
Weak stream >0.05
Female 216 (35.9)
Male 166 (20.9)
Straining 0.041
Female 195 (32.4)
Male 167 (30.1)
Nocturia >0.05
Female 456 (75.9)
Male 398 (71.8)
  
QoL IPSS category, n (% within IPSS and QoL) Total, n
Empty Cell No symptom Mild Moderate Severe Empty Cell
Delighted 108 (22.2) 320 (65.7) 54 (11.1) 5(1.0) 487
Pleased 11 (3.4) 200 (61.5) 108 (33.2) 6 (1.8) 325
Mostly satisfied 1 (0.6) 41 (25.3) 113 (69.8) 7 (4.3) 162
Mixed 1 (1.3) 20 (25.6) 42 (53.8) 15 (19.2) 78
Mostly dissatisfied 0 (0.0) 7 (14.6) 30 (62.5) 11 (22.9) 48
Unhappy 0 (0.0) 4 (12.5) 14 (43.8) 14 (43.8) 32
Terrible 0 (0.0) 6 (26.1) 9 (39.1) 8 (34.8) 23
Total 121 (10.5) 598 (51.8) 370 (32.0) 66 (5.7) 1155
  
Obstetric history Urinary incontinence
Frequency Amount QoL Type
Pregnancy
Spearman correlation 0.269?? 0.279?? 0.266?? 0.248??
p-Value 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Normal vaginal delivery
Spearman correlation 0.226?? 0.240?? 0.231?? 0.210??
p-Value 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Cesarean section
Spearman correlation 0.110?? 0.104? 0.082? 0.088?
p-Value 0.007 0.011 0.045 0.030
  
Study Population Prevalence, %
Current study Jordan 89.9
Hammad and Kaya [14] Jordan (women) 58.5
Hashim et al. [15] Poland 69.8
Yoo et al. [28] Republic of Korea (>40 years) 68.2
Soler et al. [26] Brazil 75.0
Irwin et al. [19] Canada, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and United Kingdom 64.3
Coyne et al. [20] USA, United Kingdom, and Sweden 59.6, 60.6, and 52.3
Al-Mehaisen et al. [16] Denmark (one rural and one urban county) 27.8
Liao et al. [31] China (Taipei) 9.9-44.5
Mourad et al. [25] Egypt 86.0
Kogan et al. [27] Turkey, Russia, and Czech Republic 84 (women);
80 (men)
  
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