Please wait a minute...
Search Asian J Urol Advanced Search
Share 
Asian Journal of Urology, 2018, 5(4): 243-255    doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.08.005
  本期目录 | 过刊浏览 | 高级检索 |
Medical therapy for nephrolithiasis: State of the art
Igor Sorokina,Margaret S. Pearlebc*()
a. Department of Urology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
b. Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
c. Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Bone Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
下载:  HTML  PDF (501KB) 
输出:  BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      
服务
把本文推荐给朋友
加入引用管理器
E-mail Alert
RSS
（）
作者相关文章
Abstract: 

The prevalence of nephrolithiasis is increasing worldwide. Understanding and implementing medical therapies for kidney stone prevention are critical to prevent recurrences and decrease the economic burden of this condition. Dietary and pharmacologic therapies require understanding on the part of the patient and the prescribing practitioner in order to promote compliance. Insights into occupational exposures and antibiotic use may help uncover individual risk factors. Follow-up is essential to assess response to treatment and to modify treatment plans to maximize therapeutic benefit.
Key words:  Medical management    Kidney stones    Medical therapy    Pharmacology    Nephrolithiasis
收稿日期:  2018-01-14      修回日期:  2018-04-08           出版日期:  2018-10-20      发布日期:  2018-11-19      整期出版日期:  2018-10-20
引用本文:    
. [J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2018, 5(4): 243-255.
Igor Sorokin,Margaret S. Pearle. Medical therapy for nephrolithiasis: State of the art. Asian Journal of Urology, 2018, 5(4): 243-255.
链接本文:  
http://www.ajurology.com/CN/10.1016/j.ajur.2018.08.005  或          http://www.ajurology.com/CN/Y2018/V5/I4/243
Dietary component Recommendation
Fluid Maintain fluid intake that achieves urine volume ≥2.5 L daily
Limit sugar-sweetened soft drinks
Consider intake of orange juice with no added sugar to prevent calcium nephrolithiasis
Calcium Avoid severe dietary calcium restriction
Maintain calcium intake of 1000-1200 mg/day
Oxalate Avoid oxalate rich foods (nuts, chocolate, brewed tea, spinach, rhubarb, beets, potatoes, peanut butter, wheat bran, beans)
Avoid juices with cranberry, grapefruit, starfruit
Maintain normal calcium intake
Protein Modestly restrict animal protein (red meat, fish, poultry, pork, shellfish) to no more than 6-8 ounces daily
Carbohydrate Restrict refined carbohydrates to <20 g/day
Sodium Limit sodium intake to ≤100 mEq/day (2300 mg/day)
Citrate Increase intake of fruits and vegetables, orange juice is beneficial
Calcium supplement Consider for enteric hyperoxaluria (take with the two largest meals) but avoid for idiopathic calcium stone disease if dietary calcium intake is sufficient
Vitamin B6 supplement Consider for primary hyperoxaluria type 1, but not proven for idiopathic causes
Vitamin C supplement Limit intake of vitamin C to <2 g/day
Vitamin D supplement Should not be withheld solely on the basis of stone disease. If deficient and repletion is indicated, monitor with 24 h urine analysis.
Low carbohydrate/high protein diet (Atkins) Avoid (increase in net acid; hypocitraturia; hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria)
DASH diet Likely protective against stone disease
Mediterranean diet Likely protective against stone disease (inferred from similarities to DASH diet)
Table 1  Dietary recommendations to prevent kidney stone recurrence.
Medication Rationale Dose Specifics/side effects Monitoring
Calcium oxalate stones
Thiazide Hypercalciuria Hydrochlorothiazide 25-50 mg BID, chlorthalidone 25-50 mg/day, indapamide 1.25-5 mg/day Hypokalemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, hypocitraturia, hyperuricosuria, fatigue, erectile dysfunction BMP, uric acid, lipid profile
Potassium citrate (oral) Hypocitraturia, low urine pH 10-30 mEq BID GI side effects Serum creatinine & potassium
Potassium citrate (liquid) Enteric hyperoxaluria, chronic diarrhea 15-30 mEq TID-QID (titrate to reduce oxalate) GI side effects, take with two largest meals Serum creatinine & potassium
Allopurinol Hyperuricosuria 100-300 mg/day Hypertransaminasemia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome Liver enzymes
Uric acid stones
Potassium citrate (oral)a Alkalinization 10-30 mEq BID (titrate dose to pH 6-6.5) GI side effects Serum creatinine & potassium
Sodium bicarbonate Alkalinization 650 mg BID-QID Increased sodium load may increase risk of calcium stones BMP
Allopurinol Hyperuricosuria 2nd line therapy when alkalinization not successful 100-300 mg/day Hypertransaminasemia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome Liver enzymes
Cystine stones
Tiopronin (α-MPG) Increase cystine solubility Initial 400 mg/day titrate to effect Hematologic effects, tachyphylaxis, proteinuria, nausea, diarrhea, vitamin B6 deficiency (long-term use) CBC, BMP, urine protein
Potassium citrate (oral) Alkalinization 10-30 mEq BID (titrate dose to pH 7-7.5) GI side effects Serum creatinine & potassium
Struvite stones
Acetohydroxamic acid Urease-inhibitor 250 mg BID-TID Headache, anemia, thrombophlebitis, rash, tremulousness CBC
Table 2  Pharmacologic treatments by stone type.
[1] Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, Curhan GC . Dietary andlifestyle risk factors associated with incident kidney stones inmen and women. J Urol 2017; 198:858e63.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.03.124 pmid: 28365271
[2] Goldfarb DS, Fischer ME, Keich Y, Goldberg J . A twin study ofgenetic and dietary influences on nephrolithiasis: a reportfrom the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) registry. Kidney Int 2005; 67:1053e61.
doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00170.x pmid: 15698445
[3] Milose JC, Kaufman SR, Hollenbeck BK, Wolf Jr JS, Hollingsworth JM . Prevalence of 24-hour urine collection inhigh risk stone formers. J Urol 2014; 191:376e80.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.08.080 pmid: 24018242
[4] Saigal CS, Joyce G, Timilsina AR; Urologic Diseases in AmericaProject. Direct and indirect costs of nephrolithiasis in anemployed population: opportunity for disease management? Kidney Int 2005; 68:1808e14.
[5] Litwin MS, Saigal C . Urologic diseases in America. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2012.
[6] Antonelli JA, Maalouf NM, Pearle MS, Lotan Y . Use of theNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to calculatethe impact of obesity and diabetes on cost and prevalenceof urolithiasis in 2030. Eur Urol 2014; 66:724e9.
doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.06.036 pmid: 25015037
[7] Penniston KL, Sninsky BC , Nakada SY. Preliminary evidence ofdecreased disease-specific health-related quality of life inasymptomatic stone patients. J Endourol 2016; 30(Suppl 1):S42e5.
doi: 10.1089/end.2016.0074 pmid: 26864746
[8] Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, Curhan G, Denu-Ciocca CJ, Matlaga BR , et al. Medical management of kidneystones: AUA guideline. J Urol 2014; 192:316e24.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.05.006 pmid: 24857648
[9] Skolarikos A, Straub M, Knoll T, Sarica K, Seitz C, Petrik A , et al. Metabolic evaluation and recurrence prevention for urinarystone patients: EAU guidelines. Eur Urol 2015; 67:750e63.
[10] Sorokin I, Mamoulakis C, Miyazawa K, Rodgers A, Talati J, Lotan Y . Epidemiology of stone disease across the world. World J Urol 2017; 35:1301e20.
doi: 10.1007/s00345-017-2008-6 pmid: 28213860
[11] Scales Jr CD, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS ; Urologic Diseasesin America Project. Prevalence of kidney stones in theUnited States. Eur Urol 2012; 62:160e5.
[12] Scales Jr CD, Curtis LH, Norris RD, Springhart WP, Sur RL, Schulman KA , et al. Changing gender prevalence of stonedisease. J Urol 2007; 177:979e82.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.10.069 pmid: 17296391
[13] Knoll T, Schubert AB, Fahlenkamp D, Leusmann DB, Wendt-Nordahl G, Schubert G . Urolithiasis through the ages: data onmore than 200,000 urinary stone analyses. J Urol 2011; 185:1304e11.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.11.073 pmid: 21334658
[14] Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE , et al. Stone composition among first-timesymptomatic kidney stone formers in the community. MayoClin Proc 2015; 90:1356e65.
doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016 pmid: 4593754
[15] Xu LHR, Adams-Huet B, Poindexter JR, Maalouf NM, Moe OW, Sakhaee K . Temporal changes in kidney stone compositionand in risk factors predisposing to stone formation. J Urol2017; 197:1465e71.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.01.057 pmid: 28111301
[16] Gambaro G, Croppi E, Coe F, Lingeman J, Moe O, Worcester E , et al. Metabolic diagnosis and medical preventionof calcium nephrolithiasis and its systemic manifestations:a consensus statement. J Nephrol 2016; 29:715e34.
doi: 10.1007/s40620-016-0329-y pmid: 27456839
[17] DiBianco JM, Jarrett TW, Mufarrij P . Metabolic syndrome andnephrolithiasis risk: should the medical management ofnephrolithiasis include the treatment of metabolic syndrome? Rev Urol 2015; 17:117e28.
pmid: 26543426
[18] Goldfarb DS . The exposome for kidney stones. Urolithiasis2016; 44:3e7.
doi: 10.1007/s00240-015-0847-4 pmid: 26615595
[19] Linder BJ, Rangel LJ, Krambeck AE . The effect of worklocation on urolithiasis in health care professionals. Urolithiasis2013; 41:327e31.
doi: 10.1007/s00240-013-0579-2 pmid: 23764693
[20] Lotan Y, Antonelli J, Jimenez IB, Gharbi H, Herring R, Beaver A , et al. The kidney stone and increased water intaketrial in steel workers: results from a pilot study. Urolithiasis2017; 45:177e83.
doi: 10.1007/s00240-016-0892-7 pmid: 27228999
[21] Hsi RS, Sanford T, Goldfarb DS, Stoller ML . The role of the 24-hour urine collection in the prevention of kidney stonerecurrence. J Urol 2017; 197:1084e9.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.052 pmid: 27746283
[22] Jones AN, Shafer MM, Keuler NS, Crone EM, Hansen KE . Fastingand postprandial spot urine calcium-to-creatinine ratios do notdetect hypercalciuria. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23:553e62.
doi: 10.1007/s00198-011-1580-7 pmid: 21347742
[23] Hinck BD, Ganesan V, Tarplin S, Asplin J, Granja I, Calle J , et al. Can a simplified 12-hour nighttime urine collectionpredict urinary stone risk? Urology 2017; 108:40e5.
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.06.028 pmid: 28705575
[24] Fritsche HM, Dotzer K . Improving the compliance of therecurrent stone-former. Arab J Urol 2012; 10:342e6.
doi: 10.1016/j.aju.2012.07.003 pmid: 4442937
[25] Penniston KL, Wertheim ML, Nakada SY, Jhagroo RA . Factorsassociated with patient recall of individualized dietary recommendationsfor kidney stone prevention. Eur J Clin Nutr2016; 70:1062e7.
doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.79 pmid: 27222155
[26] Lotan Y, Buendia Jimenez I, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Daudon M, Molinier L, Tack I , et al. Increased water intake as a preventionstrategy for recurrent urolithiasis: major impact ofcompliance on cost-effectiveness. J Urol 2013; 189:935e9.
[27] Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, Briganti A, Novarini A, Giannini A . Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathiccalcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospectivestudy. J Urol 1996; 155:839e43.
[28] Cheungpasitporn W, Rossetti S, Friend K, Erickson SB, Lieske JC . Treatment effect, adherence, and safety of highfluid intake for the prevention of incident and recurrentkidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JNephrol 2016; 29:211e9.
[29] Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, Curhan GC . Soda andother beverages and the risk of kidney stones. Clin J Am SocNephrol 2013; 8:1389e95.
[30] Seltzer MA, Low RK , McDonald M, Shami GS, Stoller ML.Dietarymanipulation with lemonade to treat hypocitraturiccalcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1996; 156:907e9.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65659-3 pmid: 8709360
[31] Penniston KL, Steele TH, Nakada SY . Lemonade therapy increasesurinary citrate and urine volumes in patients withrecurrent calcium oxalate stone formation. Urology 2007; 70:856e60.
[32] Kang DE, Sur RL, Haleblian GE, Fitzsimons NJ, Borawski KM, Preminger GM . Long-term lemonade based dietary manipulationin patients with hypocitraturic nephrolithiasis. J Urol2007; 177:1358e62.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.11.058 pmid: 17382731
[33] Odvina CV . Comparative value of orange juice versuslemonade in reducing stone-forming risk. Clin J Am SocNephrol 2006; 1:1269e74.
[34] Koff SG, Paquette EL, Cullen J, Gancarczyk KK, Tucciarone PR, Schenkman NS . Comparison betweenlemonade and potassium citrate and impact on urine pH and24-hour urine parameters in patients with kidney stone formation. Urology 2007; 69:1013e6.
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.02.008 pmid: 17572176
[35] Tarplin S, Monga M, Stern KL , McCauley LR, Sarkissian C,Nguyen MM. Predictors of reporting success with increased fluidintake among kidney stone patients. Urology 2016; 88:49e56.
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.10.024 pmid: 26546812
[36] Borofsky MS, Dauw CA, York N, Terry C, Lingeman JE . Accuracyof daily fluid intake measurements using a "smart" waterbottle. Urolithiasis 2018; 46:343e8.
doi: 10.1007/s00240-017-1006-x pmid: 28980082
[37] Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Sinnott B . Clinical review. Kidneystones 2012: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. JClin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:1847e60.
doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3492
[38] Worcester EM, Coe FL . New insights into the pathogenesis ofidiopathic hypercalciuria. Semin Nephrol 2008; 28:120e32.
doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2008.01.005 pmid: 2362396
[39] Pak CY, Sakhaee K, Moe OW, Poindexter J, Adams-Huet B, Pearle MS , et al. Defining hypercalciuria in nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 2011; 80:777e82.
[40] Coe FL, Parks JH, Moore ES . Familial idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med 1979; 300:337e40.
[41] Melton 3rd LJ, Crowson CS, Khosla S, Wilson DM, O’Fallon WM . Fracture risk among patients with urolithiasis:a population-based cohort study. Kidney Int 1998; 53:459e64.
doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00779.x pmid: 9461107
[42] Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Poindexter J, Adams-Huet B, Moe OW . Relationship between urinary calcium and bonemineral density in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis. JUrol 2017; 197:1472e7.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.01.002 pmid: 28063842
[43] Taylor EN, Curhan GC . Dietary calcium from dairy andnondairy sources, and risk of symptomatic kidney stones. JUrol 2013; 190:1255e9.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.03.074 pmid: 23535174
[44] Hess B, Jost C, Zipperle L, Takkinen R, Jaeger P . High-calciumintake abolishes hyperoxaluria and reduces urinarycrystallization during a 20-fold normal oxalate load inhumans. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:2241e7.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/13.9.2241 pmid: 9761503
[45] Domrongkitchaiporn S, Sopassathit W, Stitchantrakul W, Prapaipanich S, Ingsathit A, Rajatanavin R . Schedule of takingcalcium supplement and the risk of nephrolithiasis. KidneyInt 2004; 65:1835e41.
doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000186936.42149.ed pmid: 15086924
[46] Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ . Comparison of dietary calcium with supplementalcalcium and other nutrients as factors affecting therisk for kidney stones in women. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:497e504.
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-126-7-199704010-00001 pmid: 9092314
[47] Curhan GC, Willett WC, Knight EL, Stampfer MJ . Dietaryfactors and the risk of incident kidney stones in youngerwomen: Nurses’ Health Study II. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:885e91.
doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.8.885 pmid: 15111375
[48] Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ . A prospectivestudy of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk ofsymptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:833e8.
[49] Ticinesi A, Nouvenne A, Ferraro PM, Folesani G, Lauretani F, Allegri F , et al. Idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis and hypovitaminosisD: a case-control study. Urology 2016; 87:40e5.
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.10.009 pmid: 26494294
[50] Jackson RD , LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J,Lewis CE, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation andthe risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:669e83.
[51] Ferroni MC, Rycyna KJ, Averch TD, Semins MJ . Vitamin Drepletion in kidney stone formers: a randomized controlledtrial. J Urol 2017; 197:1079e83.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.057 pmid: 27765695
[52] Eisner BH, Thavaseelan S, Sheth S, Haleblian G, Pareek G . Relationship between serum vitamin D and 24-hour urine calciumin patients with nephrolithiasis. Urology 2012; 80:1007e10.
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.04.041 pmid: 22698470
[53] Johri N, Jaeger P, Ferraro PM, Shavit L, Nair D, Robertson WG , et al. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent amongidiopathic stone formers, but does correction pose any risk? Urolithiasis 2017; 45:535e43.
doi: 10.1007/s00240-016-0954-x pmid: 27981376
[54] Hesse A, Schneeberger W, Engfeld S, Von Unruh GE , Sauerbruch T. Intestinal hyperabsorption of oxalate in calciumoxalate stone formers: application of a new testwith [13C2]oxalate. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10(Suppl 14):S329e33.
pmid: 10541257
[55] Holmes RP, Goodman HO, Assimos DG . Contribution of dietaryoxalate to urinary oxalate excretion. Kidney Int 2001; 59:270e6.
doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00488.x pmid: 11135080
[56] von Unruh GE, Voss S, Sauerbruch T, Hesse A . Dependence ofoxalate absorption on the daily calcium intake. J Am SocNephrol 2004; 15:1567e73.
doi: 10.1097/01.ASN.0000127864.26968.7F pmid: 15153567
[57] Massey LK. Dietary influences on urinary oxalate and risk ofkidney stones.Front Biosci 2003; 8:s584e94.
doi: 10.2741/1082 pmid: 12700096
[58] Gettman MT, Ogan K, Brinkley LJ, Adams-Huet B, Pak CY , Pearle MS . Effect of cranberry juice consumption on urinarystone risk factors. J Urol 2005; 174:590e4.quiz 801.
doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000165168.68054.f8 pmid: 16006907
[59] Goldfarb DS, Asplin JR . Effect of grapefruit juice on urinarylithogenicity. J Urol 2001; 166:263e7.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66142-3 pmid: 11435883
[60] Huynh NK, Nguyen HVH . Effects of juice processing on oxalatecontents in carambola juice products. Plant Foods HumNutr 2017; 72:236e42.
doi: 10.1007/s11130-017-0615-4 pmid: 28584897
[61] Bong WC, Vanhanen LP, Savage GP . Addition of calciumcompounds to reduce soluble oxalate in a high oxalate foodsystem. Food Chem 2017; 221:54e7.
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.031 pmid: 27979238
[62] Noori N, Honarkar E, Goldfarb DS, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Taheri M, Shakhssalim N , et al. Urinary lithogenic risk profilein recurrent stone formers with hyperoxaluria: a randomizedcontrolled trial comparing DASH (Dietary Approaches to StopHypertension)-style and low-oxalate diets. Am J Kidney Dis2014; 63:456e63.
doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.11.022 pmid: 24560157
[63] Hoppe B . An update on primary hyperoxaluria. Nat RevNephrol 2012; 8:467e75.
doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2012.113 pmid: 22688746
[64] Solomon LR, Nixon AC, Ogden L, Nair B . Orlistat-inducedoxalate nephropathy: an under-recognised cause of chronickidney disease. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017.
doi: 10.1136/bcr-2016-218623 pmid: 29133578
[65] Allison MJ, Dawson KA, Mayberry WR, Foss JG . Oxalobacterformigenes gen. nov., sp. nov.: oxalate-degrading anaerobesthat inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. Arch Microbiol 1985; 141:1e7.
[66] Hatch M, Cornelius J, Allison M, Sidhu H, Peck A, Freel RW . Oxalobacter sp. reduces urinary oxalate excretion by promotingenteric oxalate secretion. Kidney Int 2006; 69:691e8.
[67] Canales BK, Hatch M . Oxalobacter formigenes colonizationnormalizes oxalate excretion in a gastric bypass model ofhyperoxaluria. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017; 13:1152e7.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.08.028 pmid: 29059766
[68] Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Curhan GC, Anderson TE, Dretler SP, Preminger GM , et al. Oxalobacter formigenes may reduce therisk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:1197e203.
doi: 10.1681/ASN.2007101058 pmid: 18322162
[69] Zuckerman JM, Assimos DG . Hypocitraturia: pathophysiologyand medical management. Rev Urol 2009; 11:134e44.
pmid: 19918339
[70] Phillips R, Hanchanale VS, Myatt A, Somani B, Nabi G, Biyani CS . Citrate salts for preventing and treating calciumcontaining kidney stones in adults. Cochrane Database SystRev 2015,CD010057.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010057.pub2 pmid: 26439475
[71] Honow R, Laube N, Schneider A, Kessler T, Hesse A . Influenceof grapefruit-, orange- and apple-juice consumption on urinaryvariables and risk of crystallization. Br J Nutr 2003; 90:295e300.
doi: 10.1079/BJN2003897 pmid: 12908889
[72] Wabner CL, Pak CY . Effect of orange juice consumption onurinary stone risk factors. J Urol 1993; 149:1405e8.
doi: 10.1089/end.1993.7.261 pmid: 8501777
[73] Tracy CR, Pearle MS . Update on the medical management ofstone disease. Curr Opin Urol 2009; 19:200e4.
doi: 10.1097/MOU.0b013e328323a81d pmid: 19188774
[74] Manfredini R, De Giorgi A, Storari A, Fabbian F . Pears andrenal stones: possible weapon for prevention? A comprehensivenarrative review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016; 20:414e25.
pmid: 26914114
[75] Taylor EN, Fung TT, Curhan GC . DASH-style diet associateswith reduced risk for kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:2253e9.
doi: 10.1681/ASN.2009030276 pmid: 19679672
[76] Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Mount DB, Curhan GC . DASH-stylediet and 24-hour urine composition. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol2010; 5:2315e22.
doi: 10.2215/CJN.04420510 pmid: 20847091
[77] Massey LK, Whiting SJ . Dietary salt, urinary calcium, andkidney stone risk. Nutr Rev 1995; 53:131e9.
doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1995.tb01536.x pmid: 7666985
[78] Sakhaee K, Harvey JA, Padalino PK, Whitson P, Pak CY . Thepotential role of salt abuse on the risk for kidney stone formation. J Urol 1993; 150:310e2.
doi: 10.1089/end.1993.7.337 pmid: 8326549
[79] Kok DJ, Iestra JA, Doorenbos CJ, Papapoulos SE . The effectsof dietary excesses in animal protein and in sodium on thecomposition and the crystallization kinetics of calcium oxalatemonohydrate in urines of healthy men. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1990; 71:861e7.
doi: 10.1210/jcem-71-4-861 pmid: 2401715
[80] Nouvenne A, Meschi T, Prati B, Guerra A, Allegri F, Vezzoli G , et al. Effects of a low-salt diet on idiopathic hypercalciuria incalcium-oxalate stone formers: a 3-mo randomizedcontrolled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:565e70.
doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28614 pmid: 20042524
[81] Borghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, Guerra A, Allegri F, Maggiore U , et al. Comparison of two diets for the preventionof recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med2002; 346:77e84.
[82] Zerwekh JE, Holt K, Pak CY . Natural urinary macromolecularinhibitors: attenuation of inhibitory activity by urate salts. Kidney Int 1983; 23:838e41.
doi: 10.1038/ki.1983.103 pmid: 6887695
[83] Remer T, Manz F . Potential renal acid load of foods and itsinfluence on urine pH. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95:791e7.
doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00219-7 pmid: 7797810
[84] Breslau NA, Brinkley L, Hill KD, Pak CY . Relationship of animalprotein-rich diet to kidney stone formation and calciummetabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66:140e6.
doi: 10.1210/jcem-66-1-140 pmid: 2826524
[85] Nouvenne A, Ticinesi A, Morelli I, Guida L, Borghi L, Meschi T . Fad diets and their effect on urinary stone formation. TranslAndrol Urol 2014; 3:303e12.
doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.06.01 pmid: 4708571
[86] Vezzoli G, Dogliotti E, Terranegra A, Arcidiacono T, Macrina L, Tavecchia M , et al. Dietary style and acid load inan Italian population of calcium kidney stone formers. NutrMetab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:588e93.
doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.03.005 pmid: 25921845
[87] Reddy ST, Wang CY, Sakhaee K, Brinkley L, Pak CY . Effect oflow-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base balance,stone-forming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Am JKidney Dis 2002; 40:265e74.
doi: 10.1053/ajkd.2002.34504 pmid: 15748409
[88] Buclin T, Cosma M, Appenzeller M, Jacquet AF, Decosterd LA, Biollaz J , et al. Diet acids and alkalis influence calciumretention in bone. Osteoporos Int 2001; 12:493e9.
doi: 10.1007/s001980170095 pmid: 11446566
[89] Maalouf NM, Moe OW, Adams-Huet B, Sakhaee K . Hypercalciuriaassociated with high dietary protein intake is notdue to acid load. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:3733e40.
doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-1531 pmid: 21976719
[90] Eisenstein J, Roberts SB, Dallal G, Saltzman E . High-proteinweight-loss diets: are they safe and do they work? A reviewof the experimental and epidemiologic data. Nutr Rev 2002; 60:189e200.
doi: 10.1301/00296640260184264 pmid: 12144197
[91] Tracy CR, Best S, Bagrodia A, Poindexter JR, Adams-Huet B, Sakhaee K , et al. Animal protein and the risk of kidneystones: a comparative metabolic study of animal proteinsources. J Urol 2014; 192:137e41.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.01.093 pmid: 24518789
[92] Hattori CM, Tiselius HG, Heilberg IP . Whey protein and albumineffects upon urinary risk factors for stone formation. Urolithiasis 2017; 45:421e8.
doi: 10.1007/s00240-017-0975-0 pmid: 28331937
[93] Ferraro PM, Curhan GC , D’Addessi A, Gambaro G. Risk ofrecurrence of idiopathic calcium kidney stones: analysis ofdata from the literature. J Nephrol 2017; 30:227e33.
doi: 10.1007/s40620-016-0283-8 pmid: 26969574
[94] Dauw CA, Yi Y, Bierlein MJ, Yan P, Alruwaily AF, Ghani KR , et al. Factors associated with preventive pharmacologicaltherapy adherence among patients with kidney stones. Urology 2016; 93:45e9.
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.03.030 pmid: 27041472
[95] Fink HA, Wilt TJ, Eidman KE, Garimella PS , MacDonald R,Rutks IR, et al. Medical management to prevent recurrentnephrolithiasis in adults: a systematic review for an AmericanCollege of Physicians Clinical Guideline. Ann Intern Med2013; 158:535e43.
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-7-201304020-00005 pmid: 23546565
[96] Vigen R, Weideman RA, Reilly RF . Thiazides diuretics in thetreatment of nephrolithiasis: are we using them in anevidence-based fashion? Int Urol Nephrol 2011; 43:813e9.
doi: 10.1007/s11255-010-9824-6 pmid: 20737209
[97] Taylor EN, Feskanich D, Paik JM, Curhan GC . Nephrolithiasisand risk of incident bone fracture. J Urol 2016; 195:1482e6.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.12.069 pmid: 4870104
[98] Adams JS, Song CF, Kantorovich V . Rapid recovery of bonemass in hypercalciuric, osteoporotic men treated with hydrochlorothiazide. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:658e60.
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-130-8-199904200-00012 pmid: 10215562
[99] Pak CY, Heller HJ, Pearle MS, Odvina CV, Poindexter JR, Peterson RD . Prevention of stone formation and bone loss inabsorptive hypercalciuria by combined dietary and pharmacologicalinterventions. J Urol 2003; 169:465e9.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)63934-1 pmid: 12544288
[100] Levy FL, Adams-Huet B , Pak CY. Ambulatory evaluation ofnephrolithiasis: an update of a 1980 protocol. Am J Med1995; 98:50e9.
doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80080-1 pmid: 7825619
[101] Barcelo P, Wuhl O, Servitge E, Rousaud A, Pak CY . Randomizeddouble-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathichypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1993; 150:1761e4.
doi: 10.1089/end.1993.7.537 pmid: 8230497
[102] Carvalho M, Erbano BO, Kuwaki EY, Pontes HP, Liu J, Boros LH , et al. Effect of potassium citrate supplement onstone recurrence before or after lithotripsy: systematic reviewand meta-analysis. Urolithiasis 2017; 45:449e55.
doi: 10.1007/s00240-016-0950-1 pmid: 27915395
[103] Preminger GM, Sakhaee K, Skurla C, Pak CY . Prevention ofrecurrent calcium stone formation with potassium citratetherapy in patients with distal renal tubular acidosis. J Urol1985; 134:20e3.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)47057-1
[104] Song Y, Hernandez N, Shoag J, Goldfarb DS, Eisner BH . Potassiumcitrate decreases urine calcium excretion in patientswith hypocitraturic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Urolithiasis2016; 44:145e8.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.06.021 pmid: 27597074
[105] Sakhaee K, Pak C . Superior calcium bioavailability of effervescentpotassium calcium citrate over tablet formulation ofcalcium citrate after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg ObesRelat Dis 2013; 9:743e8.
doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2011.11.011 pmid: 22222299
[106] Coe FL . Treated and untreated recurrent calcium nephrolithiasisin patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria,or no metabolic disorder. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87:404e10.
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-87-4-404 pmid: 907239
[107] Arowojolu O, Goldfarb DS . Treatment of calcium nephrolithiasisin the patient with hyperuricosuria. J Nephrol2014; 27:601e5.
doi: 10.1007/s40620-014-0084-x pmid: 24687403
[108] Pearle MS, Roehrborn CG, Pak CY . Meta-analysis of randomizedtrials for medical prevention of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Endourol 1999; 13:679e85.
doi: 10.1089/end.1999.13.679 pmid: 10608521
[109] Morgan MS, Pearle MS . Medical management of renal stones. BMJ 2016; 352:i52.
[110] Holmes RP, Assimos DG . Glyoxylate synthesis, and itsmodulationand influence on oxalate synthesis. J Urol 1998; 160:1617e24.
[111] Williams HE, Wandzilak TR . Oxalate synthesis, transport andthe hyperoxaluric syndromes. J Urol 1989; 141:742e9.
doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1989.tb05207.x pmid: 2645433
[112] Hoyer-Kuhn H, Kohbrok S, Volland R, Franklin J, Hero B, Beck BB , et al. Vitamin B6 in primary hyperoxaluria I: firstprospective trial after 40 years of practice. Clin J Am SocNephrol 2014; 9:468e77.
[113] Ortiz-Alvarado O, Miyaoka R, Kriedberg C, Moeding A, Stessman M, Monga M . Pyridoxine and dietary counseling forthe management of idiopathic hyperoxaluria in stoneformingpatients. Urology 2011; 77:1054e8.
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.08.002 pmid: 21334732
[114] Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, Curhan GC . Vitamin B6intake and the risk of incident kidney stones. Urolithiasis2018; 46:265e70.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.08.084 pmid: 5241241
[115] Jaeger P, Portmann L, Jacquet AF, Burckhardt P . Pyridoxinecan normalize oxaluria in idiopathic renal lithiasis. SchweizMed Wochenschr 1986; 116:1783e6.
[Article in French].
[116] Sakhaee K . Epidemiology and clinical pathophysiology of uricacid kidney stones. J Nephrol 2014; 27:241e5.
doi: 10.1007/s40620-013-0034-z pmid: 4696481
[117] Gutman AB, Yue TF . Urinary ammonium excretion in primarygout. J Clin Invest 1965; 44:1474e81.
[118] Maalouf NM . Metabolic syndrome and the genesis of uric acidstones. J Ren Nutr 2011; 21:128e31.
doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2010.10.015 pmid: 21195936
[119] Cho ST, Jung SI, Myung SC, Kim TH . Correlation of metabolicsyndrome with urinary stone composition. Int J Urol 2013; 20:208e13.
doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.03131.x pmid: 23020870
[120] Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K . Novel insightsinto the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis. Curr OpinNephrol Hypertens 2004; 13:181e9.
doi: 10.1021/jm030191r pmid: 15202612
[121] Spettel S, Shah P, Sekhar K, Herr A, White MD . UsingHounsfield unit measurement and urine parameters to predicturic acid stones. Urology 2013; 82:22e6.
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.01.015 pmid: 23688376
[122] Bonatti M, Lombardo F, Zamboni GA, Pernter P, Pycha A, Mucelli RP , et al. Renal stones composition in vivo determination:comparison between 100/Sn140 kV dual-energy CTand 120 kV single-energy CT. Urolithiasis 2017; 45:255e61.
[123] Reichard C, Gill BC, Sarkissian C, De S, Monga M . 100% uricacid stone formers: what makes them different? Urology2015; 85:296e8.
[124] Trinchieri A, Esposito N, Castelnuovo C . Dissolution ofradiolucent renal stones by oral alkalinization with potassiumcitrate/potassium bicarbonate. Arch Ital Urol Androl2009; 81:188e91.
pmid: 19911683
[125] Sinha M, Prabhu K, Venkatesh P, Krishnamoorthy V . Results ofurinary dissolution therapy for radiolucent calculi. Int Braz JUrol 2013; 39:103e7.
doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2013.01.13 pmid: 23489502
[126] Ng CS, Streem SB . Contemporary management of cystinuria. J Endourol 1999; 13:647e51.
[127] Knoll T, Zollner A, Wendt-Nordahl G, Michel MS, Alken P . Cystinuria in childhood and adolescence: recommendationsfor diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Pediatr Nephrol2005; 20:19e24.
doi: 10.1007/s00467-004-1663-1 pmid: 15602663
[128] Jaeger P, Portmann L, Saunders A, Rosenberg LE, Thier SO . Anticystinuric effects of glutamine and of dietary sodiumrestriction. N Engl J Med 1986; 315:1120e3.
doi: 10.1056/NEJM198610303151803 pmid: 3093863
[129] Lindell A, Denneberg T, Edholm E, Jeppsson JO . The effect ofsodium intake on cystinuria with and without tiopronintreatment. Nephron 1995; 71:407e15.
doi: 10.1159/000188760 pmid: 8587620
[130] Rodman JS, Blackburn P, Williams JJ, Brown A, Pospischil MA, Peterson CM . The effect of dietary protein on cystine excretionin patients with cystinuria. Clin Nephrol 1984; 22:273e8.
doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1984.tb06161.x pmid: 6441658
[131] Sakhaee K, Poindexter JR, Pak CY . The spectrum of metabolicabnormalities in patients with cystine nephrolithiasis. JUrol 1989; 141:819e21.
doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1989.tb05242.x pmid: 2926871
[132] Parks JH, Coe FL, Evan AP, Worcester EM . Urine pH in renalcalcium stone formers who do and do not increase stonephosphate content with time. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:130e6.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfn420 pmid: 18662977
[133] Barbey F, Joly D, Rieu P, Mejean A, Daudon M, Jungers P . Medical treatment of cystinuria: critical reappraisal of longtermresults. J Urol 2000; 163:1419e23.
doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67633-1 pmid: 10751848
[134] Saravakos P, Kokkinou V, Giannatos E . Cystinuria: currentdiagnosis and management. Urology 2014; 83:693e9.
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.10.013 pmid: 24246330
[135] Thiola [package insert on the internet]. San Antonio, TX:Mission Pharmacal Company; 2018. [Accessed 1 July 2018].
[136] DeBerardinis RJ, Coughlin 2nd CR, Kaplan P . Penicillaminetherapy for pediatric cystinuria: experience from a cohort ofAmerican children. J Urol 2008; 180:2620e3.
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.08.057 pmid: 18951580
[137] Pak CY, Fuller C, Sakhaee K, Zerwekh JE, Adams BV . Managementof cystine nephrolithiasis with alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine. J Urol 1986; 136:1003e8.
doi: 10.1159/000167261 pmid: 3534301
[138] Sloand JA, Izzo Jr JL . Captopril reduces urinary cystineexcretion in cystinuria. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:1409e12.
doi: 10.1001/archinte.147.8.1409 pmid: 2820331
[139] Zee T, Bose N, Zee J, Beck JN, Yang S, Parihar J , et al. Alphalipoicacid treatment prevents cystine urolithiasis in a mousemodel of cystinuria. Nat Med 2017; 23:288e90.
doi: 10.1038/nm.4280 pmid: 28165480
[140] Goldfarb DS, Coe FL, Asplin JR . Urinary cystine excretion andcapacity in patients with cystinuria. Kidney Int 2006; 69:1041e7.
doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000104 pmid: 16501494
[141] Dolin DJ, Asplin JR, Flagel L, Grasso M, Goldfarb DS . Effect ofcystine-binding thiol drugs on urinary cystine capacity inpatients with cystinuria. J Endourol 2005; 19:429e32.
doi: 10.1089/end.2005.19.429 pmid: 15865542
[142] Parkhomenko E, De Fazio A, Tran T, Thai J, Blum K, Gupta M . A multi-institutional study of struvite stones: patterns ofinfection and colonization. J Endourol 2017; 31:533e7.
doi: 10.1089/end.2016.0885 pmid: 28355093
[143] Griffith DP, Gleeson MJ, Lee H, Longuet R, Deman E, Earle N . Randomized, double-blind trial of Lithostat (acetohydroxamicacid) in the palliative treatment of infectioninducedurinary calculi. Eur Urol 1991; 20:243e7.
pmid: 1726639
[144] Williams JJ, Rodman JS, Peterson CM . A randomized doubleblindstudy of acetohydroxamic acid in struvite nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med 1984; 311:760e4.
doi: 10.1056/NEJM198409203111203 pmid: 6472365
[145] Griffith DP, Khonsari F, Skurnick JH, James KE . A randomizedtrial of acetohydroxamic acid for the treatment and preventionof infection-induced urinary stones in spinal cordinjury patients. J Urol 1988; 140:318e24.
doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1988.tb04315.x pmid: 3294442
[146] Iqbal MW, Youssef RF, Neisius A, Kuntz N, Hanna J, Ferrandino MN , et al. Contemporary management of struvitestones using combined endourologic and medical treatment:predictors of unfavorable clinical outcome. J Endourol 2016; 30:771e7.
doi: 10.1089/end.2013.0257 pmid: 24251429
No related articles found!
[1] Zhixiang Wang, Bing Liu, Xiaofeng Gao, Yi Bao, Yang Wang, Huamao Ye, Yinghao Sun, Linhui Wang. Laparoscopic ureterolysis with simultaneous ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephroscopy for treating complex ureteral obstruction after failed endoscopic intervention: A technical report[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2015, 2(4): 238 -243 .
[2] Louis R. Kavoussi. News from leading international academic urology departments[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2017, 4(1): 1 -2 .
[3] Rikiya Taoka, Yoshiyuki Kakehi. The influence of asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis on the onset and progression of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with histologic benign prostatic hyperplasia[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2017, 4(3): 158 -163 .
[4] Cheuk Fan Shum, Weida Lau, Chang Peng Colin Teo. Medical therapy for clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia:a1 Antagonists, 5a reductase inhibitors and their combination[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2017, 4(3): 185 -190 .
[5] Foo Keong Tatt. Current consensus and controversies on male LUTS/BPH (part two)[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2018, 5(1): 8 -9 .
[6] Rishi R. Sekar, Claire M. De La Calle, Dattatraya Patil, Sarah A. Holzman, Yoram Baum, Umer Sheikh, Jonathan H. Huang, Adeboye O. Osunkoya, Brian P. Pollack, Haydn T. Kissick, Kenneth Ogan, Viraj A. Master. Major histocompatibility complex I upregulation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma is associated with increased survival[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2016, 3(2): 75 -81 .
[7] Ryan Yu, Jefferson Terry, Mutaz Alnassar, Jorge Demaria. Pediatric fibrous pseudotumor of the tunica vaginalis testis[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2016, 3(2): 99 -102 .
[8] Aso Omer Rashid, Saman Salih Fakhulddin. Risk factors for fever and sepsis after percutaneous nephrolithotomy[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2016, 3(2): 82 -87 .
[9] Christopher Hartman, Nikhil Gupta, David Leavitt, David Hoenig, Zeph Okeke, Arthur Smith. Advances in percutaneous stone surgery[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2015, 2(1): 26 -32 .
[10] Aldamanhori Reem,I.Osman Nadir,R.Chapple Christopher. Underactive bladder: Pathophysiology and clinical significance[J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2018, 5(1): 17 -21 .
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
Asian Journal of Urology, ISSN 2214-3882 (Print), ISSN 2214-3890 (Online), CN 31-2124/R
Copyright © Asian Journal of Urology Except Certain Content Provded by Third Parties
沪ICP备14033887号-1 Shanghai, China; E-mail: ajurology@smmu.edu.cn
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd