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Asian Journal of Urology, 2024, 11(4): 651-659    doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2023.11.003
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Urinary incontinence among Jordanian women: Prevalence, types, and associated factors
Ismaiel Abu Mahfouza*(),Marco H. Blankerb,Fida Asalic,Lama Al Mehaisena,Hamza Al-Amooshc,Salem Abu Mahfouzc
aDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al Salt, Jordan
bDepartment of Primary and Longterm Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
cDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan
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Abstract: 

Objective: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent condition with a negative impact on women's quality of life. Data about UI among Jordanian women are lacking; therefore, we aimed to investigate the prevalence, types, and associated factors.

Methods: A cross sectional nationwide survey was conducted between 1 March 2020 and 15 April 2020. Women were included if they were 18 years of age or more and had access to the internet. Data collected included women's characteristics, UI types, and associated factors. UI was inventoried by asking women if they have UI (yes/no), and the Arabic language validated International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Urinary Incontinence-Short Form was used. Age-group specific prevalence rates of UI were estimated, and associated factors were studied using logistic regression analyses.

Results: Data from 2118 women were analysed. The median age was 40 (range 18-85) years; 58.3% gave birth three or more times; and 64.1% consistently reported having UI. Limited mobility and being multiparous increased the likelihood of reporting UI. Compared to women with normal body mass index, overweight and obese women were 1.9 times and 4.4 times more likely to report UI, respectively.

Conclusion: The prevalence of UI among Jordanian women is 64.1%, with mixed UI and stress UI being the more prevalent types in women younger than 60 years old. Age, parity body mass index, and limited mobility are all associated factors with UI. The results of this study provide healthcare policy makers with the necessary information to increase awareness and knowledge regarding UI.
Key words:  Urinary incontinence    Prevalence    Stress urinary incontinence    Urge urinary incontinence    Association
收稿日期:  2023-05-23           接受日期:  2023-11-10      出版日期:  2024-10-20      发布日期:  2024-11-20      整期出版日期:  2024-10-20
引用本文:    
. [J]. Asian Journal of Urology, 2024, 11(4): 651-659.
Ismaiel Abu Mahfouz, Marco H. Blanker, Fida Asali, Lama Al Mehaisen, Hamza Al-Amoosh, Salem Abu Mahfouz. Urinary incontinence among Jordanian women: Prevalence, types, and associated factors. Asian Journal of Urology, 2024, 11(4): 651-659.
链接本文:  
http://www.ajurology.com/CN/10.1016/j.ajur.2023.11.003  或          http://www.ajurology.com/CN/Y2024/V11/I4/651
Factor Respondent, n (%)
Age, year 2058
<30 478 (23.2)
30-39 483 (23.5)
40-49 644 (31.3)
50-59 375 (18.2)
≥60 78 (3.8)
Marital status 2078
Single 450 (21.7)
Married 1465 (70.5)
Separated 86 (4.1)
Widow 77 (3.7)
Currently employed 2073
Yes 876 (42.3)
Smoking 2089
Yes 382 (18.3)
Body mass index, n (mean±SD, kg/m2) 2022 (28.4±5.7)
Body mass index category 2022
Underweight 39 (1.9)
Normal weight 576 (28.5)
Overweight 662 (32.7)
Obese 745 (36.8)
Types of comorbidity 2118
Yes (any) 784 (37.0)
∙ Hypertension 276 (13.0)
∙ Diabetes mellitus 124 (5.9)
∙ Chronic cough 100 (4.7)
∙ Chronic constipation 172 (8.1)
∙ Depression 112 (5.3)
Limited mobility 2093
Yes 730 (34.9)
Parity 2117
0 503 (23.8)
1 139 (6.6)
2 241 (11.4)
3 656 (31.0)
4 or more 578 (27.3)
Number of caesarean sections 2048
0 1443 (70.5)
1 297 (14.5)
2 or more 308 (15.0)
Postmenopausal 2082
Yes 499 (24.0)
Had hysterectomy 2080
Yes 80 (3.8)
Had pelvic radiotherapy 2084
Yes 13 (0.6)
Had large bowel resection 2085
Yes 31 (1.5)
  
Variable Value, %
Consistency of reporting UI
• Consistent reporting the presence of UI 64.1
• Consistent reporting the absence of UI 26.9
• Inconsistent reporting 9.0
Prevalence of UI based on the three questions
• Do you currently have UI?a
∙ No 35.0
∙ Yes 65.0
• How often do you have UI?b
∙ Never 28.9
∙ ≤1 per week 24.7
∙ 2-3 per week 14.3
∙ 1 per day 13.0
∙ Several times per day 15.8
∙ All the times 3.2
• How much urine do you usually leak?c
∙ None 27.4
∙ Small 55.3
∙ Moderate 14.5
∙ Large 2.7
Age (year) specific prevalence rates of the different types of UId
• <30 (n=478) 7.3/13.4/37.4
• 30-39 (n=483) 9.3/23.2/35.2
• 40-49 (n=644) 10.7/31.5/43.3
• 50-59 (n=375) 12.0/26.1/48.3
• ≥60 (n=78) 23.1/12.8/50.0
• Totals (n=2058) 10.3/23.7/41.2
  
Variable Univariate Multivariate
OR 95% CI R2 OR 95% CI
Age category (year) 0.092
<30 (reference)
30-39 1.56 1.11-1.92 0.77 0.55-1.10
40-49 3.71 2.62-4.60 1.50 1.03-2.19
50-59 4.26 2.89-5.74 1.27 0.72-2.25
≥60 3.82 1.67-6.06 0.82 0.35-1.90
Marital status 0.077
Single (reference)
Married 3.01 2.41-3.76 0.99 0.61-1.61
Separated 6.59 3.32-13.07 2.16 0.97-4.80
Widowed 5.20 2.68-10.11 1.05 0.45-2.43
Employed (yes) 0.99 0.81-1.20 0.000
Smoking (yes) 0.89 0.69-1.13 0.001
Body mass index category 0.095
Normal weight (reference)
Underweight 1.03 0.54-2.00 1.24 0.62-2.49
Overweight 1.87 1.47-2.34 1.35 1.03-1.75
Obese 4.43 3.40-5.78 2.66 1.97-3.60
Comorbidity
Hypertension 2.30 1.63-3.26 0.018
Diabetes mellitus 2.80 1.62-4.84 0.012
Chronic cough 3.45 1.78-6.68 0.013
Chronic constipation 2.07 1.36-3.16 0.009
Depression 1.73 1.06-2.84 0.004
Limited mobility 2.73 2.17-3.44 0.055 1.81 1.40-2.35
Obstetric history
Parity 0.074
0 (reference)
1 or more 3.14 2.54-3.89 2.06 1.31-3.23
Caesarean section 0.017
0 (reference)
1 2.03 1.45-2.82
2 or more 0.84 0.64-1.10
Postmenopausal 2.49 1.90-3.26 0.035 1.14 0.72-1.80
Had hysterectomy 2.10 1.13-3.91 0.004
Had pelvic radiotherapy 2.00 0.44-9.05 0.001
Had large bowel resection 2.48 0.86-7.12 0.002
  
Factor Univariable Multivariable
OR 95% CI R2 OR 95% CI
Age category (year) 0.079
<30 (reference)
30-39 1.51 1.17-1.95 0.86 0.62-1.21
40-49 2.92 2.27-3.74 1.35 0.95-1.91
50-59 3.92 2.89-5.31 1.58 0.95-2.64
≥60 3.41 1.97-5.89 1.03 0.49-2.16
Marital status 0.057
Single (reference)
Married 2.60 2.09-3.22 1.04 0.65-1.65
Separated 4.21 2.45-7.25 1.70 0.86-3.35
Widowed 3.65 2.10-6.23 0.89 0.43-1.85
Employed (yes) 0.99 0.83-1.19 0.000
Smoking (yes) 0.95 0.76-1.20 0.000
Body mass index category 0.095
Normal weight (reference)
Underweight 1.17 0.61-2.24 1.32 0.66-2.63
Overweight 1.93 1.53-2.42 1.48 1.16-1.90
Obese 4.12 3.24-5.24 2.66 2.03-3.49
Comorbidity
Hypertension 1.80 1.35-2.40 0.011
Diabetes mellitus 2.20 1.41-3.42 0.009
Chronic cough 3.32 1.90-5.78 0.015
Chronic constipation 1.75 1.22-2.50 0.007
Depression 1.56 1.02-2.40 0.003
Limited mobility 2.42 1.98-2.97 0.050 1.70 1.35-2.48
Obstetric history
Parity 0.055
0 (reference)
1 or more 2.64 2.15-3.24 1.61 1.05-2.48
Caesarean sections 0.008
0 (reference)
1 1.48 1.12-1.95
2 or more 0.81 0.63-1.05
Postmenopausal 2.21 1.75-2.79 0.032 1.00 0.67-1.47
Had hysterectomy 1.95 1.14-3.32 0.004
Had pelvic radiotherapy 1.25 0.38-4.06 0.000
Had large bowel resection 2.92 1.12-7.63 0.004
  
Factor Univariable Multivariable
OR 95% CI R2 OR 95% CI
Age category (year) 0.092
<30 (reference)
30-39 1.60 1.23-2.08 0.80 0.57-1.14
40-49 3.74 2.83-4.93 1.53 1.04-2.25
50-59 4.19 2.98-5.87 1.28 0.72-2.29
≥60 4.38 2.26-8.50 0.98 0.41-2.67
Marital status 0.078
Single (reference)
Married 3.02 2.42-3.78 0.93 0.39-2.20
Separated 6.97 2.41-14.25 0.92 0.45-1.89
Widowed 5.46 2.74-10.88 2.11 0.77-5.76
Employed (yes) 1.01 0.83-1.23 0.000
Smoking (yes) 0.90 0.70-1.15 0.001
Body mass index category 0.091
Normal weight (reference)
Underweight 0.96 0.49-1.85 1.15 0.57-2.31
Overweight 1.88 1.48-2.39 1.35 1.03-1.76
Obese 4.34 3.31-5.68 2.60 1.92-3.54
Comorbidity
Hypertension 2.53 1.75-3.64 0.020
Diabetes mellitus 2.83 1.61-4.98 0.011
Chronic cough 3.22 1.66-6.24 0.011
Chronic constipation 2.03 1.32-3.11 0.008
Depression 1.62 0.99-2.65 0.003
Limited mobility 2.68 2.12-3.39 0.052 1.74 1.33-2.26
Obstetric history
Parity 0.075
0 (reference)
1 or more 3.21 2.59-3.97 2.07 1.31-3.25
Caesarean sections 0.018
0 (reference)
1 2.19 1.55-3.10
2 or more 0.88 0.67-1.15
Postmenopausal 2.49 1.89-3.28 0.034 1.10 0.69-1.76
Had hysterectomy 2.18 1.45-4.15 0.005
Had pelvic radiotherapy 1.87 0.41-8.45 0.001
Had large bowel resection 2.32 0.81-6.66 0.002
  
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